A microscale model for air pollutant dispersion simulation in urban areas: Presentation of the model and performance over a single building   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ning Zhang  Yunsong Du  Shiguang Miao 《大气科学进展》2016,33(2):184-192

A microscale air pollutant dispersion model system is developed for emergency response purposes. The model includes a diagnostic wind field model to simulate the wind field and a random-walk air pollutant dispersion model to simulate the pollutant concentration through consideration of the influence of urban buildings. Numerical experiments are designed to evaluate the model's performance, using CEDVAL(Compilation of Experimental Data for Validation of Microscale Dispersion Models) wind tunnel experiment data, including wind fields and air pollutant dispersion around a single building. The results show that the wind model can reproduce the vortexes triggered by urban buildings and the dispersion model simulates the pollutant concentration around buildings well. Typically, the simulation errors come from the determination of the key zones around a building or building cluster. This model has the potential for multiple applications; for example, the prediction of air pollutant dispersion and the evaluation of environmental impacts in emergency situations; urban planning scenarios;and the assessment of microscale air quality in urban areas.  相似文献   

准噶尔盆地油气源、油气分布与油气系统   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈建平  王绪龙  邓春萍  梁狄刚  张越迁  赵喆  倪云燕  支东明  杨海波  王屿涛 《地质学报》2016,90(3):421-450

准噶尔盆地是中国西部典型的多旋回叠合盆地,发育有石炭系、二叠系、三叠系、侏罗系、白垩系和古近系6套烃源岩,同时存在6大类原油和3大类天然气,广泛分布于盆地不同地区。西北缘原油总体相似,碳同位素组成轻(δ~(13)C-29‰),胡萝卜烷、类异戊二烯烷烃、三环萜烷、伽马蜡烷丰富,甾烷以C_(28)、C_(29)为主,基本没有重排甾烷,为第二类原油,来源于二叠系湖相烃源岩。腹部绝大多数原油与西北缘原油相似,但胡萝卜烷、类异戊二烯烷烃、伽马蜡烷等有差异,来源于不同凹陷的二叠系湖相烃源岩;少量原油碳同位素组成重(δ~(13)C-28‰~-26‰),Pr/Ph大于2.5,三环萜烷以C_(19)、C_(20)为主,藿烷丰富而伽马蜡烷极低,以C_(29)规则甾烷及重排甾烷为主,为第四类原油,来源于侏罗系煤系烃源岩。东部存在5种类型原油,第一类原油碳同位素组成特别重(δ~(13)C-26‰),来源于石炭系烃源岩;第二类原油与腹部地区绝大多数原油十分相似,来源于二叠系湖相烃源岩;第三类原油碳同位索组成轻,重排甾烷、Ts、C_(29)Ts及C_(30)重排藿烷异常丰富,来源于中上三叠统湖相烃源岩;第四类原油源于侏罗系煤系烃源岩;混合类原油为二叠系、三叠系、侏罗系原油的混合,各自贡献平均分别为20%、15%和65%。南缘存在4类典型原油,为第二、第四、第五和第六类原油,其中第二、第四类分别源于二叠系和侏罗系;第五类原油碳同位素组成轻(δ~(13)C-29‰)、Pr/Ph1.0、伽马蜡烷丰富且有两个异构体、Ts、C_(29)Ts、C_(30)重排藿烷、C_(27)~C_(29)异胆甾烷及C_(30)甲基甾烷丰富,来源于白垩系湖相烃源岩;第六类原油主要为中低成熟原油,碳同位素组成δ~(13)C~28‰~-26‰,C_(27)、C_(28)、C_(29)甾烷呈"V"型分布,甲藻甾烷异常丰富,来源于古近系湖相烃源岩。准噶尔盆地天然气有油型气、混合气和煤型气,前两类主要来源于二叠系湖相烃源岩和石炭系海相烃源岩,煤型气主要来源于石炭系和侏罗系煤系烃源岩。不同类型油气分布与不同时代烃源灶具有良好对应关系:石炭系油气主要分布于陆东-五彩湾;二叠系油气主要分布于西北缘、腹部与东部;三叠系原油仅分布于东部;侏罗系原油主要分布于东部与南部;白垩系原油仅分布于南缘中部;古近系原油仅分布于南缘西部。按照盆地构造特征及不同时代烃源灶与油气关系,将准噶尔盆地划分为西部、中部、东部、南部及乌伦古5个油气系统及15个子油气系统。  相似文献   

时空信息云平台下数据管理及可视化方法     

郭云嫣  刘全海  冉慧敏 《测绘科学》2016,41(10):100-105

针对智慧城市时空信息云平台中海量时空数据的管理和可视化问题,该文提出了一种时空索引建立及时空数据可视化方法。时空索引机制将时间、空间与专题属性作为同等重要的维度,兼顾了三者的查询效率,实现对时空数据的快速有效提取。时空数据可视化表达方法提出了时间轴动画、多时态对比、对象状态回溯等可视化方式,实现时空数据的动态交互式表达。该方法在"智慧常州时空信息云平台"项目中进行了实现,证明这种时空数据组织管理方法可较高效地实现数据的检索调度,且具有较强的可操作性;基于此的时空数据可视化方法亦具备较佳的时空对象动态表达效果。  相似文献   

A comprehensive approach from the raw and normalized anomalies to the analysis and prediction of the Beijing extreme rainfall on July 21, 2012     

Ning Jiang  Weihong Qian  Jun Du  Richard H. Grumm  Jiaolan Fu 《Natural Hazards》2016,84(3):1551-1567

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鄂西秭归盆地中三叠世-早侏罗世沉积记录及其对秦岭印支碰撞造山作用的启示     

柴嵘  杨江海  杜远生  丁典识 《地质科技情报》2016,(4):43-49

随着印支期南秦岭勉略洋盆闭合,华南和华北两大块体最终拼贴、构成中国大陆的基本轮廓。普遍认为这一洋陆转换、碰撞造山发生在三叠纪,但具体时间和空间过程仍存在较多争议。秭归盆地位于秦岭逆冲褶皱带东段南缘,是扬子北缘前陆盆地系统的重要组成,在沉积序列和碎屑来源上与秦岭印支期造山作用密切相关。该盆地经历早中三叠世滨-浅海相到晚三叠世-早侏罗世三角洲-河流相的沉积转变,中三叠统巴东组和上三叠统九里岗组之间发育平行不整合。不整合面之上的上三叠统-下侏罗统砂岩在碎屑组分上不仅含有泥岩、粉砂岩等沉积岩岩屑和千枚岩、板岩和片岩等中-低级变质岩岩屑,而且还见有中酸性火山岩岩屑。结合碎屑锆石颗粒U-Pb定年和古流向数据,这些火山岩岩屑揭示北部的秦岭造山带源区在晚三叠世(225~200Ma)存在火山活动,与同期的花岗质侵入岩一起反映秦岭印支期的同碰撞造山岩浆活动。  相似文献   

The effect of slight to minor biodegradation on C<Subscript>6</Subscript> to C<Subscript>7</Subscript> light hydrocarbons in crude oils: a case study from Dawanqi Oilfield in the Tarim Basin,NW China     

Lu Yang  Chunming Zhang  Meijun Li  Jing Zhao  Xuening Qi  Jinxiu Du 《中国地球化学学报》2016,35(2):203-214

Light hydrocarbons (LHs) are one of the main petroleum fractions in crude oils, and carry much information regarding the genetic origin and alteration of crude oils. But secondary alterations—especially biodegradation—have a significant effect on the composition of LHs in crude oils. Because most of the LHs affected in oils underwent only slight biodegradation (rank 1 on the biodegradation scale), the variation of LHs can be used to describe more the refined features of biodegradation. Here, 23 crude oils from the Dawanqi Oilfield in the Tarim Basin, NW China, eleven of which have been biodegraded to different extents, were analyzed in order to investigate the effect of slight to minor biodegradation on C₆–C₇ LHs. The study results showed that biodegradation resulted in the prior depletion of straight-chained alkanes, followed by branched alkanes. In slight and minor biodegraded oils, such biodegradation scale could not sufficiently affect C₆–C₇ cycloalkanes. For branched C₆–C₇ alkanes, generally, monomethylalkanes are biodegraded earlier than dimethylalkanes and trimethylalkanes, which indicates that branched alkanes are more resistant to biodegradation, with the increase of substituted methyl groups on parent rings. The degree of alkylation is one of the primary controlling factors on the biodegradation of C₆–C₇ LHs. There is a particular case: although 2,2,3-trimethylbutane has a relative higher alkylation degree, 2,2-dimethylpentane is more resistant to biodegradation than 2,2,3-trimethylbutane. 2,2-Dimethylpentane is the most resistant to biodegradation in branched C₆–C₇ alkanes. Furthermore, the 2-methylpentane/3-methylpentane and 2-methylhexane/3-methylhexane ratios decreased steadily with increasing biodegradation, which implies that isomers of bilateral methyl groups are more prone to bacterial attack relative to mid-chain isomers. The position of the alkyls on the carbon skeleton is also one of the critical factors controlling the rate of biodegradation. With increasing biodegradation, Mango’s LH parameters K1 values decrease and K2 values increase, the values of n-heptane and isoheptane decrease, and the indices of methylcyclohexane and cyclohexane increase. LH parameters should be applied cautiously for the biodegraded oils. Because biodegraded samples belong to slight or minor biodegraded oils, the values of n-heptane and isoheptane from Dawanqi Oilfield can better reflect and determine the “Biodegraded” zone. When the heptane value is 0–21 and the isoheptane value is 0–2.6, the crude oil in Dawanqi Oilfield is defined as the “Biodegraded” zone.  相似文献   

Review on Montane Forest Eco-hydrology in Arid Area     

He Zhibin  Du Jun  Chen Longfei  Zhu Xi  Zhao Minmin 《地球科学进展》2016,31(10):1078-1089

Since the forest eco-hydrology of arid area shows a well sensitivity of the global climate change, the relationship between forest and water and the hydrological function has attracted the attention of academic communites and management departments. This paper expounds the research progress in arid mountain forest eco-hydrology, and analyses the formation and stable mechanism of forest patch pattern, the relationship between forest and water yield and the response of forest eco-hydrology to climate change from three aspects: Forest spatial pattern, hydrological process and its response to climate change. In addition, combined with the current research progress, the research emphases in the future are put forward: Strengthening the research on the coupling of vegetation pattern and hydrological process; solving the scale problem by using remote sensing technique and model; enhancing the understanding towards the hydrological function of forest; determining the suitable forest scale which can balance the relationship of ecology and hydrological effect.  相似文献   

Application of ICTs in Airspace Management and Collaborative Decision-Making—Analyzing the Risk Avoidance in the Condition of Risky Weather as an Example     

Du Xinru  Lu Zi 《地球科学进展》2016,31(3):269-276

The application of ICTs makes structural change of the development and effective utilization of airspace. Next generation air transportation system (NextGen) includes new automation concepts with automated information to support the traffic control decision-making. As a result, in the field of academia and industry, air traffic controllers integrate information automatically while making decisions to change the previous manually integrated and decided pattern. The safety ability of airspace is reduced and airspace system is endangered under risky weather conditions of airspace. So there is an urgent demand for new information and communication technologies. The paper is an overview of the information constitution and support of NextGen and provides the study of the development of technique of airspace collaborative decision-makings to confirm the new features based on ICTs. It contains basic application-the input of data and output of the routes of airspace management and collaborative decision-making, and general application-the choose of probability nets of avoiding risky weather, and special application-the affection in the management of the air routes, which are made up of position and direction. The research shows the accurate schedule characteristics of airspace management and collaborative decision-making based on ICTs, which made the space accurate by time accurate. Second, the visualization of airspace management and collaborative decision-making based on ICTs made the maps of flight path under mobile data quickly generated. This could make the fully development and utilization of national airspace, ensure safety, and reduce air traffic controllers’ workload and the costs in delaying and operating in risky weather.  相似文献   

Coal-measure source rock characteristics and burial evolution history in the Shisanjianfang Area,Tuha Basin     

Zhiyuan Wu  Suping Peng  Wenfeng Du 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2016,9(5):417

Shisanjianfang Area in the eastern margin of Taibei Sag, Tuha Basin, is an important region for oil and gas exploration. In this study, a large number of source rock geochemical data were used to analyze the geochemical characteristics of coal-measure source rocks in the Shisanjianfang Area, Tuha Basin, from three aspects, i.e., organic matter abundance, organic matter type, and organic maturity. The results show that the Jurassic Xishanyao Formation (J₂x) in the study area has great thickness, continuous distribution, and high source rock maturity, and is the major source rock horizon in the study area. The seismic data are used in combination with 1D and 2D basin simulation technology to study the distribution characteristics of the source rocks in Shisanjianfang Area. The results of the simulation research on the source rock maturity history in the study area indicate the following: (1) The source rocks in the Xishanyao Formation (J₂x) have a hydrocarbon generation threshold depth of 1800 m, threshold temperature of 95 °C, and hydrocarbon generation threshold time of about 162 Ma. (2) The Xishanyao Formation (J₂x) has a current formation temperature of 50~110 °C and Ro of 0.6~1.1 % in the peak oil generation stage. (3) The source rock maturity in the study area is shown as being higher in the west while lower in the east, and higher in the north while lower in the south, and the favorable exploration area mainly lies in the northwest of the study area. The results of this study could have important implications for the oil and gas exploration in the margins of Xiaocaohu Sag, Tuha Basin.  相似文献   

大凌河河口地区晚更新世晚期以来的沉积环境演化   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

何磊  薛春汀  叶思源  杨士雄  杜晓蕾 《海洋学报》2016,38(5):108-123

对大凌河河口地区ZK3钻孔(孔深36.7 m)岩心开展粒度分析、AMS14C年代测定、有孔虫鉴定分析等综合研究,同时结合该地区5口工程钻孔的岩心以及部分测年资料,初步建立了大凌河河口地区晚更新世晚期以来典型的地层序列格架和时空对比框架,揭示该地区晚更新世晚期以来河道-湖沼-滨海/河口湾-浅海-三角洲的沉积演化过程。研究结果表明:大凌河河口地区在8 500 cal a BP前后开始接受海相沉积,并约在4 000 cal a BP之后进入三角洲沉积阶段;晚更新世晚期以来的海平面变化是大凌河河口沉积演化和沉积环境演变的主要控制因素;大凌河对现代辽河三角洲的形成和演化过程可能有较重要的影响。  相似文献